/* KSD Publications academic portal refresh: inspired by classic journal portals, not a copy */
:root{--navy:#063968;--blue:#1266a5;--sky:#eaf4fc;--gold:#e5b13e;--ink:#17283a;--muted:#526477;--line:#d8e3ed;--bg:#f4f8fc;--white:#fff}
body{background:#f4f7fb;font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6}
.topbar{background:#082b4c;color:#e6f1fb;font-size:.9rem}
header{background:#fff;color:var(--navy);box-shadow:0 2px 10px #173c5a16}
.head{padding:16px 0 0}.brand strong{font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.55rem;letter-spacing:0;color:#0a3157}.brand small{display:block;color:#536c82;font-size:.98rem;margin-top:1px}
.logo-img{width:76px;height:76px;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;background:transparent}
nav{margin-top:17px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#063968,#1474b7);padding:0 8px;gap:0;border-radius:7px 7px 0 0}
nav a{border-radius:0;padding:12px 13px;color:#fff;font-size:.96rem;border-right:1px solid #ffffff24}nav a:hover,nav a[aria-current=page]{background:#ffffff20;box-shadow:inset 0 -3px var(--gold)}
main.container{padding-top:22px}.hero{max-width:none;background:linear-gradient(115deg,#052d52ee,#075a92e8),radial-gradient(circle at 90% 30%,#2d9bd8,transparent 40%);color:#fff;padding:34px 30px;margin:8px 0 22px;border-radius:3px;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.hero:after{content:"∫  ∑  ∂  ∇  f(x)  ℝⁿ";position:absolute;right:24px;bottom:5px;color:#ffffff19;font-size:clamp(2rem,5vw,4.5rem);font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:.1em;pointer-events:none}.hero h1{color:white!important;font-family:Georgia,serif;letter-spacing:-.02em}.hero p{color:#e5f2fc!important;max-width:780px}.hero .pill{background:#f4c85f;color:#18344b}.hero .btn{position:relative;z-index:1}.notice{border-radius:4px;background:#fff4e8;border-left-color:#e2a13a}.section{padding:25px 0}.section h2,.page-title h1{font-family:Georgia,serif;color:#0b3c68}.card{border-radius:5px;box-shadow:0 3px 14px #1736540a}.card h3,.card h2{font-family:Georgia,serif;color:#123d68}.icon{border-radius:50%;background:#e5f1fb;color:#0c5b99}.grid4 .card{border-top:3px solid #1a6da8}.facts th{background:#eaf3fb;color:#173d62}.page-title{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#e8f3fb,#fff);padding:25px 26px;margin-top:12px;border-left:4px solid var(--gold)}footer{background:#062849}footer .foot strong{font-family:Georgia,serif}.journal-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:220px minmax(0,1fr);gap:22px;align-items:start}.side-panel{background:white;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden}.side-panel h3{background:#35495d;color:white;margin:0;padding:10px 14px;font-size:1rem}.side-panel a{display:block;text-decoration:none;padding:9px 13px;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--line);color:#154e7e}.side-panel a:hover{background:#edf6fd}.section-band{background:#eaf5e9;border:1px solid #cfe5cd;border-radius:6px;padding:18px;margin:15px 0}.article-list{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.article-list li{padding:12px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.article-list li:last-child{border-bottom:0}.article-list strong{display:block;color:#0b3e6d}.muted{color:var(--muted);font-size:.9rem}
@media(max-width:760px){.journal-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr}.side-panel{order:2}nav a{padding:10px 9px}.brand strong{font-size:1.2rem}.hero{padding:27px 20px}.hero:after{opacity:.35}}

:root{--navy:#102746;--blue:#174f83;--sky:#e9f2fa;--gold:#d8a84e;--ink:#19283a;--muted:#5c6b7d;--line:#dce5ee;--bg:#f5f8fc;--white:#fff}
*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:88px}body{margin:0;background:var(--bg);color:var(--ink);font:16px/1.7 Inter,"Segoe UI",Arial,sans-serif}a{color:#174f83}a:focus,button:focus{outline:3px solid var(--gold);outline-offset:3px}.container{width:min(1160px,calc(100% - 36px));margin:auto}
.topbar{background:#091b30;color:#dce9f5;font-size:.88rem}.topbar .container{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:8px 0}.topbar a{color:white}
header{background:linear-gradient(120deg,#102746,#174f83 70%,#1d6788);color:white}.head{padding:18px 0 32px}.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:13px}.logo{width:54px;height:54px;display:grid;place-items:center;border-radius:13px;border:1px solid #ffffff70;background:#ffffff12;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:-1px}.brand strong{display:block;letter-spacing:.1em;font-size:1rem}.brand small{color:#d5e5f4}
nav{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px;margin-top:18px}nav a{color:#f7fbff;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 10px;border-radius:7px;font-size:.91rem}nav a:hover,nav a[aria-current=page]{background:#ffffff20}
.hero{padding:42px 0 48px;max-width:900px}.eyebrow{display:inline-block;border:1px solid #ffffff60;border-radius:99px;padding:4px 12px;font-size:.84rem;color:#eaf4fc}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(2.2rem,5vw,3.8rem);line-height:1.1;letter-spacing:-.04em;margin:17px 0}.hero p{max-width:800px;color:#e0ebf6;font-size:1.08rem}.actions{display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:22px}.btn{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;border-radius:8px;padding:10px 16px;font-weight:750}.btn-light{background:white;color:var(--navy)}.btn-outline{border:1px solid #ffffff80;color:white}
main{padding:26px 0 54px}.notice{background:#fff7e6;border:1px solid #ecd8aa;border-left:5px solid var(--gold);border-radius:11px;padding:15px 18px;margin-bottom:20px}.section{padding:32px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.kicker{font-size:.76rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue);font-weight:800}.section h2{font-size:clamp(1.55rem,3vw,2.15rem);line-height:1.2;margin:5px 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.025em}.lead{max-width:850px;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 20px}.grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:15px}.grid4{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));gap:14px}.card{background:white;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:13px;padding:19px;box-shadow:0 5px 18px #18365408}.card h3{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:1.04rem}.card p{margin:0;color:var(--muted)}.icon{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--sky);color:var(--blue);display:grid;place-items:center;font-weight:850;margin-bottom:12px}.pill{display:inline-block;background:#fff0cf;color:#7b530e;padding:3px 9px;border-radius:99px;font-size:.8rem;font-weight:800}.pill-green{background:#e3f4ed;color:#21664e}
.two{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.5fr 1fr;gap:18px}.facts{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;background:white;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden}.facts th,.facts td{padding:12px 14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);text-align:left;vertical-align:top}.facts th{background:#edf3f9;width:28%}.facts tr:last-child th,.facts tr:last-child td{border-bottom:0}
ul.clean{padding-left:21px}ul.clean li{margin:7px 0}.board{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:12px}.board article{background:white;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:16px}.board strong{display:block}.pending{color:#85580a;font-size:.88rem;font-weight:700}
.breadcrumb{font-size:.9rem;color:var(--muted);margin:8px 0 18px}.breadcrumb a{color:var(--blue)}.page-title{padding:30px 0 22px}.page-title h1{font-size:clamp(2rem,4vw,3rem);line-height:1.15;margin:8px 0}.page-title p{color:var(--muted);max-width:850px}
.article-placeholder{background:white;border:1px dashed #b8c9d9;border-radius:13px;padding:25px}.contact{background:var(--navy);color:white;border-radius:15px;padding:24px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px}.contact p{color:#d8e5f2}.contact a{color:white}.contact .side{border-left:1px solid #ffffff35;padding-left:22px}
footer{background:#091b30;color:#d8e5f2;padding:26px 0}footer a{color:white}footer .foot{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}.small{font-size:.88rem;color:var(--muted)}.footer-small{font-size:.84rem;color:#b6c9dc;margin-top:10px}
@media(max-width:850px){.grid4{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.two{grid-template-columns:1fr}.contact{grid-template-columns:1fr}.contact .side{border-left:0;border-top:1px solid #ffffff35;padding:18px 0 0}}
@media(max-width:580px){.container{width:calc(100% - 26px)}.grid,.grid4,.board{grid-template-columns:1fr}.head{padding-bottom:20px}.hero{padding:30px 0}.facts th,.facts td{display:block;width:100%}.facts th{padding-bottom:3px}.facts td{padding-top:4px}.contact{padding:18px}}

.logo-img{width:64px;height:64px;object-fit:contain;border-radius:50%;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 12px #0002;flex:0 0 auto}

/* Additional content styles */
.content-narrow{max-width:920px}.prose p{margin:0 0 14px}.prose h2{margin-top:28px}.prose h3{margin-top:20px}
.callout{background:#edf5fb;border:1px solid #cbddea;border-left:4px solid #174f83;padding:15px 18px;border-radius:10px;margin:18px 0}
.checklist li{margin:8px 0}.table-wrap{overflow-x:auto}

/* Journal portfolio cards */
.journal-cards{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));align-items:stretch}
.journal-cards .card{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start}
.journal-cards h2{font-size:1.35rem;line-height:1.3;margin:12px 0 8px}
.journal-cards h2 a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--navy)}
.journal-cards h2 a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.journal-topics{margin-top:14px!important;color:var(--ink)!important}
.journal-btn{margin-top:16px;background:var(--navy);color:white}
@media(max-width:650px){.journal-cards{grid-template-columns:1fr}}


/* Journal-specific hero watermarks: distinct subject symbols for each KSD journal */
body.journal-mathematics .hero:after{content:"∫  ∑  ∂  ∇  f(x)  ℝⁿ"}
body.journal-physics .hero:after{content:"⚛  ħ  λ  E=mc²  ΔE"}
body.journal-chemistry .hero:after{content:"⚗  H₂O  pH  ΔG  →"}
body.journal-life-sciences .hero:after{content:"DNA  A·T  C·G  μm  ♧"}
body.journal-engineering-technology .hero:after{content:"⚙  ΣF=ma  V  Ω  Δ"}
body.journal-management-commerce .hero:after{content:"₹  $  %  ROI  Σ"}
body.journal-humanities .hero:after{content:"¶  §  ✒  文  Ω"}
body.journal-statistics-operations-research .hero:after{content:"μ  σ²  P(A)  Σxᵢ  λ"}


/* KSD Publications homepage visual refresh */
.publisher-home header{background:linear-gradient(110deg,#fff 0%,#f7faff 100%);color:var(--navy);border-bottom:1px solid #dce5ef}
.publisher-home .head{padding:14px 0 0}
.publisher-home .brand strong{font-size:1.45rem;letter-spacing:.01em;color:#102746}
.publisher-home .brand small{color:#50647a;font-size:.9rem}
.publisher-home .publisher-logo{width:76px;height:76px;object-fit:contain;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none}
.publisher-home nav{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#102746,#174f83);padding:5px 8px;border-radius:9px 9px 0 0;margin-top:15px}
.publisher-home nav a{padding:10px 13px}
.publisher-home .home-hero{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.3fr) minmax(260px,.7fr);gap:22px;align-items:center;margin:26px 0 18px;padding:36px clamp(22px,4vw,48px);border-radius:18px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;color:white;background:radial-gradient(circle at 85% 20%,#286d96 0,transparent 32%),linear-gradient(115deg,#092846,#0d4b78 70%,#173b5b);box-shadow:0 14px 35px #0b2a461c}
.publisher-home .home-hero-copy{position:relative;z-index:1}
.publisher-home .home-eyebrow{display:inline-block;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:99px;background:#f3c65d;color:#172e46;font-weight:800;font-size:.82rem}
.publisher-home .home-hero h1{font-family:Georgia,serif;color:white;font-size:clamp(2.2rem,4.4vw,3.65rem);line-height:1.08;letter-spacing:-.035em;margin:16px 0}
.publisher-home .home-hero h1 em{display:block;color:#f4c65c;font-style:normal}
.publisher-home .home-hero p{max-width:690px;color:#e6f0f8;font-size:1.05rem}
.publisher-home .home-primary{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#f6ce68,#e6ad37);color:#142c43;box-shadow:0 5px 14px #0002}
.publisher-home .home-secondary{border:1px solid #ffffffa8;color:#fff;background:#ffffff0d}
.publisher-home .home-hero-art{min-height:245px;position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}
.publisher-home .book-stack{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:5px;transform:rotate(-4deg);width:min(260px,90%);z-index:1}
.publisher-home .book-stack span{display:block;padding:8px 15px;border-radius:6px 13px 13px 6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#e4b64c,#fff0b9 9%,#174d78 10%,#0d3153);color:#fff;font:700 .85rem Georgia,serif;box-shadow:0 5px 9px #061a2a66;border-bottom:1px solid #ffffff44}
.publisher-home .pi-watermark{position:absolute;right:0;top:-15px;color:#ffffff1c;font: bold 12rem Georgia,serif}
.publisher-home .trust-strip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:10px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:13px;padding:16px;margin:0 0 24px;box-shadow:0 4px 16px #17365408}
.publisher-home .trust-strip div{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:10px;border-right:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--muted);font-size:.9rem}
.publisher-home .trust-strip div:last-child{border:0}
.publisher-home .trust-strip b{font-size:1.65rem;color:#174f83}
.publisher-home .section-heading{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:end;gap:18px;margin-bottom:16px}
.publisher-home .section-heading h2,.publisher-home .home-author-band h2,.publisher-home .home-books h2{font-family:Georgia,serif;color:#102f51;font-size:clamp(1.7rem,3vw,2.3rem);margin:5px 0}
.publisher-home .text-link{font-weight:800;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}
.publisher-home .home-journal-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));gap:15px}
.publisher-home .home-journal-card{min-height:285px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;padding:18px;border-radius:14px;transition:transform .18s ease,box-shadow .18s ease;border-top:3px solid #d9a943}
.publisher-home .home-journal-card:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:0 12px 24px #17365418}
.publisher-home .home-journal-icon{width:54px;height:54px;border-radius:14px;background:#e9f2fa;color:#174f83;display:grid;place-items:center;font: bold 2rem Georgia,serif;margin-bottom:12px}
.publisher-home .home-journal-card h3{font:700 1.08rem/1.3 Georgia,serif;margin:10px 0;color:#102f51}
.publisher-home .home-journal-card h3 a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
.publisher-home .home-journal-card h3 a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.publisher-home .home-journal-card p{font-size:.92rem;line-height:1.55}
.publisher-home .card-link{margin-top:auto;padding-top:15px;font-weight:800;text-decoration:none}
.publisher-home .home-author-band{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:25px;background:#eaf2f9;border:1px solid #d4e2ef;border-radius:15px;padding:25px;margin-top:12px}
.publisher-home .home-author-band p{max-width:650px;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:0}
.publisher-home .home-books{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:20px}
.publisher-home .book-mark{font:700 3rem Georgia,serif;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#d9e5ef;border:2px solid #d9e5ef;padding:16px 25px;border-radius:12px}
@media(max-width:900px){.publisher-home .home-journal-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.publisher-home .home-hero{grid-template-columns:1fr .65fr}}
@media(max-width:650px){.publisher-home .home-hero{grid-template-columns:1fr}.publisher-home .home-hero-art{min-height:150px}.publisher-home .pi-watermark{font-size:8rem}.publisher-home .trust-strip{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.publisher-home .trust-strip div:nth-child(2){border-right:0}.publisher-home .home-journal-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.publisher-home .section-heading,.publisher-home .home-author-band,.publisher-home .home-books{display:block}.publisher-home .home-author-band .actions{margin-top:15px}.publisher-home .book-mark{display:inline-block;margin-top:15px}}


/* Mathematics journal header refinement */
.journal-mathematics .brand .logo-img{width:82px;height:82px;object-fit:contain;border-radius:14px;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 12px #0002;padding:3px}
.journal-mathematics .brand strong{display:block;color:#fff!important;font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:1.35rem;letter-spacing:0;text-shadow:0 1px 2px #071a2b55}
.journal-mathematics .brand small{display:block;color:#eaf4fc!important;font-size:.98rem;margin-top:3px}
.apc-payment-callout{background:#fff8e8;border:1px solid #e7c77c;border-left:6px solid #d8a84e;border-radius:14px;padding:22px 24px;box-shadow:0 5px 18px #1836540b}
.apc-payment-callout h2{margin:0 0 10px;color:#102746;font-size:1.5rem}
.apc-payment-callout p{margin:8px 0;color:#34485d}
@media(max-width:580px){.journal-mathematics .brand .logo-img{width:68px;height:68px}.journal-mathematics .brand strong{font-size:1.12rem}.apc-payment-callout{padding:17px}}

/* Unified KSD Publications identity and journal logo family */
.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px}
.logo-img{width:82px;height:82px;object-fit:contain;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;background:transparent;flex:0 0 auto}
.publisher-logo{width: min(420px, 48vw);height:92px;object-fit:contain;object-position:left center}
.brand strong{font-size:clamp(1.25rem,2vw,1.65rem);line-height:1.2}
.brand small{font-size:.9rem}
.home-journal-icon{width:88px;height:88px;margin:0 auto 12px;background:transparent;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}
.home-journal-icon img{width:88px;height:88px;object-fit:contain}
.journal-logo-card{width:88px;height:88px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:transparent!important;margin-bottom:12px}
.journal-logo-card img{width:88px;height:88px;object-fit:contain}
@media(max-width:650px){.publisher-logo{width:230px;height:68px}.brand{gap:10px}.logo-img{width:68px;height:68px}.brand strong{font-size:1.12rem}.brand small{font-size:.8rem}}

/* Final publisher header logo enlargement */
.publisher-home .brand{gap:18px;min-height:104px}
.publisher-home .brand .publisher-logo{width:112px;height:100px;object-fit:contain;object-position:center;flex:0 0 112px}
.publisher-home .brand strong{font-size:clamp(1.7rem,2.5vw,2.05rem);letter-spacing:.01em;line-height:1.18}
.publisher-home .brand small{font-size:1rem;margin-top:5px}
@media(max-width:650px){.publisher-home .brand{gap:10px;min-height:78px}.publisher-home .brand .publisher-logo{width:82px;height:78px;flex-basis:82px}.publisher-home .brand strong{font-size:1.3rem}.publisher-home .brand small{font-size:.78rem}}